Frontend

Frontend: modern web development: frameworks, image optimisation, build tooling, and web performance.

Articles

security18 min read

CAPTCHA Architecture: Bot Defence and Secure Integration

Systems-architecture guide to CAPTCHA: what it protects, when it fails, how to choose between reCAPTCHA v3, Turnstile, hCaptcha, and Friendly Captcha, and how to implement correctly.

CAPTCHAsecuritybot protectionreCAPTCHACloudflare TurnstilehCaptchaFriendly CaptchaGDPRweb securitycredential stuffingauthentication
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image9 min read

Web Image Evolution: from GIF to AVIF and the Optimal Stack

A history of web image formats from GIF and JPEG through WebP to AVIF, with a practical guide to the modern responsive image stack and Core Web Vitals.

GIFJPEGPNGWebPAVIFimage optimizationCore Web VitalsLCPresponsive imagesweb performancesrcsetpicture
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